deutscher Philosoph, Begründer der Dialektik, bedeutendster Vertreter des deutschen Idealismus, einflussreichster Philosoph seiner Zeit; versuchte eine umfassende, begreifbare Deutung der Welt zu geben. Hegel's thinking can be understood as a constructive development within the broad tradition that includes Plato and Immanuel Kant. The style was no less irregular: sometimes in plain narrative the lecturer would be specially awkward, while in abstruse passages he seemed especially at home, rose into a natural eloquence, and carried away the hearer by the grandeur of his diction. am 27.August 1770 in Stuttgart, gest. [85] However, regardless of its status as a formal logic, Hegel clearly understood the course of his logic to be reflected in the course of history: ...different stages of the logical Idea assume the shape of successive systems, each based on a particular definition of the Absolute. On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. It is now widely agreed that explaining Hegel's philosophy in terms of thesis–antithesis–synthesis is inaccurate. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Hijo de un funcionario de la hacienda pública, Hegel creció en un ambiente de pietismo protestante y estudió a los clásicos griegos y latinos mientras estuvo en el gymnasium de su ciudad natal. [59]:4, At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. "[38] Karl Barth described Hegel as a "Protestant Aquinas"[39] while Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote that "all the great philosophical ideas of the past century—the philosophies of Marx and Nietzsche, phenomenology, German existentialism, and psychoanalysis—had their beginnings in Hegel. This research program took on new meaning with the 1781 publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. For Hegel, reason is "speculative" – not "dialectical". Schopenhauer, Arthur. Hegels filosofi kan ses som både en videreføring og en kritikk av Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. György Lukács' History and Class Consciousness (1923) helped to reintroduce Hegel into the Marxist canon. In Hegel's draft manuscripts written during his time at the University of Jena, his notion of "Geist" was tightly bound to the notion of "Aether", from which he also derived the concepts of space and time, but in his later works (after Jena) he did not explicitly use his old notion of "Aether". [144] Karl Popper quoted Schopenhauer as stating, "Should you ever intend to dull the wits of a young man and to incapacitate his brains for any kind of thought whatever, then you cannot do better than give Hegel to read...A guardian fearing that his ward might become too intelligent for his schemes might prevent this misfortune by innocently suggesting the reading of Hegel. In a Hegelian State, citizens both know their place and choose their place. Throughout the 19th century, many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians and Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—among many others—were deeply influenced by, but also strongly opposed to many of Hegel's central philosophical themes. The structure of Hegel's Logic appears to exhibit self-similarity, with sub-sections, in their treatment of more specific subject matter, resembling the treatment of the whole. August 1770 in Stuttgart geboren. Part of his remit was to teach a class called "Introduction to Knowledge of the Universal Coherence of the Sciences", Hegel developed the idea of an encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences, falling into three parts: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit. "Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism?" 1895 Ebenezer Brown Speirs 1854-1900, and J Burdon Sanderson P. 297 Lectures on Philosophy of Religion, Volume 1 (1827) those written before The Phenomenology of Spirit). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Personage and influence: In his classroom Hegel was more impressive than fascinating. Now in a weak state of health, Hegel seldom went out. Schelling and Hölderlin immersed themselves in theoretical debates on Kantian philosophy, from which Hegel remained aloof. This liberal distinction between political society and civil society was used by Alexis de Tocqueville. In other words, it is not enough to consider propositions, or even the content of consciousness; "it is worthwhile to ask in every instance what kind of spirit would entertain such propositions, hold such views, and have such a consciousness. The "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" approach erroneously gives the sense that things or ideas are contradicted or opposed by things that come from outside them. Hij was de oudste van drie kinderen. Preface xxx Variant: When philosophy paints its grey on grey, then has a shape of life grown old. Critiques of Hegel offered by the Left Hegelians radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions and eventually came to form a large part of the literature on and about Hegel. Kant used the term Veränderung (change) instead of Werden, however, and the designation of ontological categories by name is itself a complex topic. His master–slave dialectic has been influential, especially in 20th-century France. Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. [109] Kaufmann wrote: Aside to his beloved Greeks, Hegel saw before him the example of Spinoza and, in his own time, the poetry of Goethe, Schiller, and Hölderlin, who also liked to speak of gods and the divine. [95]:146 Rather than stress the singularity of each factor that complements and conflicts with the others, the relationship between finite and infinite (and particular and universal, and nature and freedom) becomes intelligible as a progressively developing and self-perfecting whole. On the left, it became the foundation for Karl Marx's civil society as an economic base;[101] to the right, it became a description for all non-state (and the state is the peak of the objective spirit) aspects of society, including culture, society and politics. Hegel's posthumous works have had remarkable influence on subsequent works on religion, aesthetics, and history because of the comprehensive accounts of the subject matters considered within the lectures, with Heidegger for example in Poetry, Language, Thought characterizing Hegel's Lectures on Aesthetics as the "most comprehensive reflection on the nature of art that the West possesses—comprehensive because it stems from metaphysics."[124]. Hegel was putting the finishing touches to it, The Phenomenology of Spirit, as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on 14 October 1806 in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. According to Benedetto Croce, the Italian Fascist Giovanni Gentile "holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy". For his god, Hegel does not take the logos of Heraclitus but refers to the nous of Anaxagoras, although he may well have regarded them the same as he continues to refer to god's plan, which is identical to God. Joan Staumbaugh). Born in 1770 in Stuttgart, Hegel spent the years 1788–1793 asa student in nearby Tübingen, studying first philosophy, and thentheology, and forming friendships with fellow students, the futuregreat romantic poet Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843) andFriedrich von Schelling (1775–1854), who, like Hegel, wouldbecome one of the major figures of the German philosophical scene inthe first half of the nineteenth century. [108] He espouses that "God is not an abstraction but a concrete God [...] God, considered in terms of his eternal Idea, has to generate the Son, has to distinguish himself from himself; he is the process of differentiating, namely, love and Spirit". [62] Sharing a dislike for what they regarded as the restrictive environment of the Seminary, the three became close friends and mutually influenced each other's ideas. Hegel's remaining two sons—Karl, who became a historian; and Immanuel [de], who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's manuscripts and letters, and produced editions of his works. [146] Popper also makes the claim in the second volume of The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) that Hegel's system formed a thinly veiled justification for the absolute rule of Frederick William III and that Hegel's idea of the ultimate goal of history was to reach a state approximating that of 1830s Prussia. With papered seal. Hegel’s system is avowedly an attempt to unify opposites—spirit and nature, universal and particular, ideal and real—and to be a synthesis in which all the partial and contradictory philosophies of his predecessors are alike contained and transcended. [99] In this work, civil society (Hegel used the term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" though it is now referred to as Zivilgesellschaft in German to emphasize a more inclusive community) was a stage in the dialectical relationship between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro-community of the state and the micro-community of the family. Because every concept is a composite of contraries (value is black and white, temperature is hot and cold, etc. being–nothingness–becoming, immediate–mediate–concrete and abstract–negative–concrete) is about this movement from inner contradiction to higher-level integration or unification. In other words, although the thing-in-itself is at any given moment thoroughly unknown, it nevertheless remains that part of the thing about which it is possible to learn more.[90]:101–102. [87] Hegel understood the history of philosophy to be a trans-historical socratic argument concerning the identity of the Absolute. (Hegel, "How the Ordinary Human Understanding Takes Philosophy as displayed in the works of Mr. Krug", Jon Bartley Stewart. In the mid-20th century, interest in the early theological writings and in the Phänomenologie was increased by the spread of existentialism. Hegel asserted that, in Heraclitus, he had an antecedent for his logic: "[...] there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my logic".[103]. At the age of eighteen, Hegel entered the Tübinger Stift (a Protestant seminary attached to the University of Tübingen), where he had as roommates the poet and philosopher Friedrich Hölderlin and the future philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. [60] Hegel had a sister, Christiane Luise (1773–1832); and a brother, Georg Ludwig (1776–1812), who perished as an officer during Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign. Some historians have spoken of Hegel's influence as represented by two opposing camps. Hegel rendered these dualities intelligible by (ultimately) his argument in the "Quality" chapter of the "Science of Logic". This is because, as Hegel suggested by his introduction of the concept of "reality",[95]:111 what determines itself—rather than depending on its relations to other things for its essential character—is more fully "real" (following the Latin etymology of "real", more "thing-like") than what does not. In 1805, the university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor (unsalaried) after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him. Every member loves the State with genuine patriotism, but has transcended simple "team spirit" by reflectively endorsing their citizenship.
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